Young dogs with recurrent pneumonia may have a congenital abnormality called ciliary dyskinesia (CD). Respiratory cells have cilia in their surface that work together to expel material from the lungs. The lack of cilia or their inability to work in a synchronous movement to expel foreign material increases chances for pneumonia. Biopsy of the caudal nasal cavity or testes can be submitted for electron microscopy for evaluation for CD. The diagnosis of CD is an important prognostic factor.